Thus, this design better adjusts for healthcare-seeking behavior31,32, but it may also introduce other biases including selection bias33. Finally, the COVID-NET catchment areas include approximately 10% of the U.S. population; thus, these findings might not be nationally generalizable. This case-positive, control-test-negative design also referred to as the test-negative design (TND) has often been used in studies of vaccine effectiveness. N. Engl. . First, COVID-19associated hospitalizations might have been missed because of hospital testing practices and test availability. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England: technical briefing 35. M.G. CAS Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis. The outcomes were the infants first positive nasal/throat swab for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, and the first COVID-19-related hospitalization, occurring during the first 6 months of life and recorded in the electronic health record. Article The increase in transmissibility of the Omicron variant might have amplified these risks for hospitalization, resulting in increased hospitalization rates among Black adults compared with White adults, irrespective of vaccination status. J. This can lead to overestimates of first doses and underestimates of subsequent doses, and underestimates of hospitalization rates in persons who received additional or booster doses. SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe illnesses and hospitalizations in children and infants2,3,4,5. In this analysis, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) of vaccination of mothers of infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 versus infants who tested negative using logistic regression models conditioned (stratified) on the calendar date of the test so that infants testing positive on a certain day were compared to infants testing negative on that same day. We used two different study designs: a primary design using a cohort analysis in which infants of vaccinated pregnant persons were compared with infants of unvaccinated pregnant persons. Kim, L. et al. N. Engl. We ran separate models on the time periods associated with the Delta (7/01/2021 to 12/20/2021) and Omicron variants (12/21/2021 to 5/31/2022). Danino, D. et al. Article Like influenza and Tdap vaccines15,16, data suggest that vaccination during pregnancy may protect infants who are not old enough to be vaccinated against COVID-19. CAS Med. The prevalence of primary COVID-19 vaccination and of receipt of a booster dose were lower among Black adults compared with White adults. ; COVID-NET Surveillance Team. Omicron Is Not More Severe for Children, Despite Rising Morb. Am. Abbreviations: COVID-NET = COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network; ICU=intensive care unit; IMV=invasive mechanical ventilation; LTCF=long-term care facility; NA = not applicable. Garg S, Patel K, Pham H, et al. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Health and Human Services. Google Scholar. (2021) Omicron is supercharging the COVID vaccine booster debate. By the end of December, Omicron made up 58% of all cases in the US, per Our World in Data, but Delta is thought to cause more severe disease and more hospitalizations than Omicron on average. Among these infants, for our main analysis, we excluded 21,891 (35.2%) based on maternal exclusion criteria and 10,412 (16.8%) after applying infant exclusion criteria (Fig. Biomedicines | Free Full-Text | Risk Stratification Model for Severe These persons are excluded from the proportions of race/ethnicity but are included in other analyses. Receipt of one dose especially during the third trimester was also associated with a reduced risk of infants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 6 months of life during the Delta dominant period. Pregnant women were excluded because their reasons for hospital admission (4) might differ from those for nonpregnant persons. Mortal. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose, was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose. DeSilva, M. et al. Persons with multiple, unknown, or missing race accounted for 6.9% (weighted) of all cases. Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the In-Hospital Prognosis of Patients Monthly incidence is based on SARS-CoV-2 positive test result date or, if not known, hospital admission date. Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and preterm or small-for-gestational-age at birtheight integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 15, 2020-July 22, 2021. ***** An additional 172 (3.4%, 95% CI=2.7%4.2%) adults were partially vaccinated, 69 (0.9%, 95% CI=0.61.2) received a primary vaccination series <14 days before a positive for SARS-CoV-2 test result, and 186 (4.1%) had unknown vaccination status; these groups are not further described in this analysis. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. The U.K. Health. COVID-NET conducts population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19associated hospitalizations in 99 counties across 14 states. COVID-19associated hospitalizations are those occurring among residents of a predefined surveillance catchment area who have a positive real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or rapid antigen detection test result for SARS-CoV-2 during hospitalization or the 14 days preceding admission. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). JAMA 326, 16291631 (2021). During the Delta dominant period, the crude incidences of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 2, 4, and 6 months of life were lower among infants whose mothers received at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy (0.75, 1.43, and 1.56 infants per 100 person-years [PY], respectively) than those whose mothers were not vaccinated during pregnancy (5.47, 5.10, and 4.78 infants per 100 PYs, respectively). * Information on the impact that booster or additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines have on preventing hospitalizations during Omicron predominance is limited. On the bias of estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative studies. A continuity correction has been applied to the denominators by capping the percent population vaccination coverage at 95% by assuming that at least 5% of each age group would always be unvaccinated in each jurisdiction. Ainslie, K. E. C., Shi, M., Haber, M. & Orenstein, W. A. The difference between the two studies might be due to population characteristics and the timing of follow-up as ours went through May 31, 2022, while the Norwegian study ended in April 2022. In King County, Wash., which includes Seattle, unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to be hospitalized for coronavirus since December than people who were fully vaccinated. As of January 26, 2022, 39.6% of Black persons received a primary vaccine series; of those, 43.9% of adults received a booster dose once eligible. Halasa, N. B. et al. Members receive almost all their medical care at KPNC-owned facilities, including clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, and laboratories. J. The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. The results were published yesterday in JAMA Network Open. The code used to analyse the data is available on. Frequency, characteristics and complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized infants. Vaccine 31, 31043109 (2013). Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). Two recent papers claim there are no differences between surgical masks and respirators for preventing the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and flu, but the articles are deeply flawed. Gretchen Rothrock, California Emerging Infections Program; Millen Tsegaye, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Julie Plano, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health; Kyle Openo, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University; Andy Weigel, Iowa Department of Health; Chloe Brown, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; Erica Bye, Minnesota Department of Health; Wickliffe Omondi, New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico; Alison Muse, New York State Department of Health; Christina Felsen, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Eli Shiltz, Ohio Department of Health; Nasreen Abdullah, Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority; William Schaffner, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Melanie Crossland, Salt Lake County Health Department. Views equals page views plus PDF downloads. Klein, N. P. et al. * Overall rates are unadjusted; rates presented by racial and ethnic group are age-adjusted. Among fully vaccinated people without a booster, rates were lower at 3,355.5 per 100,000 for COVID-19 cases and 35.4 per 100,000 for hospitalizations. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased risk for hospitalization among Black adults during the Omicron-predominant period might also be due, in part, to lower proportions of Black adults receiving both the primary vaccination series and booster doses. Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations, though building vaccine confidence, raising awareness of the benefits of vaccination, and removing barriers to vaccination access among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates from COVID-19, including Black adults, is an urgent public health priority. Egyptian hemodialysis patients' willingness to receive the COVID-19 Ferdinands, J. M. et al. Pediatrics. Google Scholar. Characteristics and maternal and birth outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19COVID-NET, 13 states, March 1August 22, 2020. The mean age at pregnancy onset was 31.62 years (standard deviation of 4.66 years). These trends could result in epidemic phase bias if infection severity is correlated with time from infection to test. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Percentages presented for the overall number are weighted row percentages. Mountain lions, a bobcat, red foxes, black bears, and skunks represent the latest avian flu cases in mammals. PLoS ONE 15, e0229279 (2020). Severe cases may increase in the wake of holiday parties where people of all ages mixed. The aim of the secondary design was to compare the results of the cohort with TND. The TND is designed to better control for bias related to health care-seeking behavior31,32. SARS-CoV-2 infections can result in COVID-19associated hospitalizations, even among vaccinated persons. of pages found at these sites. Shimabukuro, T. T. et al. N. Engl. The TND, a case-control study, has been commonly used in studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccines and more recently COVID-19 vaccines. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5), was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose (45.0). A WHO spokesman says China informed the WHO about the case, which involves a 53-year-old woman, on Feb 24. Vaccination status (unvaccinated, receipt of a primary series only, or receipt of a primary series plus a booster or additional dose) was determined for individual hospitalized patients and for the catchment population using state immunization information systems data (2). 182, 825831 (2022). and JavaScript. Our study was strengthened both by its large sample size and our ability to follow infants through 6 months of age. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Vaccine 35, 72977301 (2017). Data about boosters was only available for those over 50. Google Scholar. How Severe Are Omicron Infections? - Scientific American This is in keeping with the age profile. Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5-11 Years with Laboratory Omicron is super infectious, and about 20% of people in the United States over the age of 5 as well as all children under 5 remain unvaccinated. Variances were estimated using Taylor series linearization method. This activity was reviewed by CDC and conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.. COVID is still killing people every day. But its main victims have *** LTCF residents include hospitalized adults who were identified as residents of a nursing home/skilled nursing facility, rehabilitation facility, assisted living/residential care, long-term acute care hospital, group/retirement home, or other LTCF upon hospital admission. SARS-CoV-2 variant data update, England: Version 21. The state has administered 3.2 million vaccine doses since Dec. 1 alone, but lagging rates between full vaccination and first doses for adults especially (82.6% vs. 95%) are becoming a point of . J. Med. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Real-world data suggest lower COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron variants11,12,13,14. Klein, N. P. et al. 384, 14121423 (2021). Analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software survey procedures (version 9.4; SAS Institute). Shook, L. L. et al. Partially vaccinated adults, and those who received a single dose of a 1-dose product <14 days before the positive SARS-CoV-2 test result were not included in analyses by vaccination status but were included in rates and overall proportions that were not stratified by vaccination status. The proportion of hospitalized Black adults who received a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with or without a booster or additional dose increased from 4.7% and 14.9%, respectively, during the Delta-predominant period to 14.8% and 25.5%, respectively, during the Omicron-predominant period; Hispanic adults experienced smaller increases. J. Med. Rep. 71, 429436 (2022). * https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covid-net/purpose-methods.html. Gordon, N. & Lin, T. The Kaiser Permanente Northern California adult member health survey. Estimated Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Omicron or Delta Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant in South Two new observational studies suggest that COVID-19 vaccination lowers long-COVID incidence and severity. And in a second large study during the Omicron period, older people, men, and residents of nursing homes or in low-income areas were most at risk for post-booster COVID-19 death in England, but the risk was very low. wrote the initial manuscript. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This preceded and had no relation to COVID-19, and GD had no role in and received no funding from the project. Vaccination status is based on state immunization information system data. On 13 December, Denmark released data showing that hospitalization rates for people infected with Omicron seemed to be on a par with those for people infected with other variants. The rates don't account for non-vaccine-related risks, Mark Jit, professor of vaccine epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine told Insider in an email. During the first 6 months of life, 940 (3.10%) infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and 10 (0.03%) infants were hospitalized with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. How the Omicron Surge Is Taxing Hospitals - Healthline the date of publication. Adults who completed a primary vaccination series were persons who had received the second dose of a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose product 14 days before a positive SARS-CoV-2 test associated with their hospitalization but received no booster or additional dose. Sample sizes presented are unweighted with weighted percentages. Most QCovid risk groups were tied to an increased risk of post-booster death, except congenital heart disease, asthma, and previous fracture. Adults who received booster doses were classified as those who completed their primary vaccination series and received an additional or booster dose of vaccine on or after August 13, 2021, at any time after the completion of their primary series, and 14 days before a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, because COVID-19associated hospitalizations are a lagging indicator, and time passed after receipt of a booster dose has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of COVID-19 infection (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255). The finding that maternal vaccination was less effective at protecting infants during the Omicron dominant period is also consistent with previous studies which have reported decreased effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during Omicron among children and adults14,20. J. Med. Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in calculations but are included in previous weeks. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Dr. Klein reported receiving grants from Pfizer, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi Pasteur. The average death rate among Americans over age 65 who contract the flu has ranged between 1 in 75 and 1 in 160 in recent years, according to the C.D.C. RESP-NET: COVID-19 Associated Hospitalization Rates among Adults Ages 65 Years and Older CDC's Respiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RESP-NET) shows that overall weekly rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations have declined for all age groups from a peak in December 2022. As infants aged, protection provided by maternal vaccination decreased during both periods. Includes current treatment or recent diagnosis of an immunosuppressive condition or use of an immunosuppressive therapy during the preceding 12 months. Andrews, N. et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Hospitalizations rates increased among all adults irrespective of vaccination status (unvaccinated, primary series only, or primary series plus a booster or additional dose). NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST supervised the work. Image, Download Hi-res COVID-19Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021January 2022. Article By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates, including non-Hispanic Black adults, is an urgent public health priority.

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